Electrocardiogram
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
See also:
How the test is performed
You will be asked to lie down. The health care provider will clean several areas on your arms, legs, and chest, and then attach small patches called electrodes to the areas. It may be necessary to shave or clip some hair so the electrodes stick to the skin.
The number of patches used may vary.
You usually need to remain still, and you may be asked to hold your breath for short periods during the procedure. It is important to be relaxed and relatively warm during ECG recording. Any movement, including muscle tremors such as shivering, can alter the results.
The electrodes are connected by wires to a machine that converts the electrical signals from the heart into wavy lines, which are printed on paper and reviewed by the doctor.
Sometimes this test is done while you are exercising or under minimal stress to monitor changes in the heart. This type of ECG is often called a stress test.
How to prepare for the test
Make sure your health care provider knows about all the medications you are taking, as some can interfere with test results.
Exercising or drinking cold water immediately before an ECG may cause false results.
How the test will feel
An ECG is painless. No electricity is sent through the body. The electrodes may feel cold when first applied. In rare cases, some people may develop a rash or irritation where the patches were placed.
Why the test is performed
An ECG is used to measure:
- Any damage to the heart
- How fast your heart is beating and whether it is beating normally
- The effects of drugs or devices used to control the heart (such as a pacemaker)
- The size and position of your heart chambers
An ECG is a very useful tool for determining whether a person has heart disease. Your doctor may order this test if you have chest pain or palpitations.
An ECG may be included as part of a routine examination in patients over age 40.
Normal Values
- Heart rate: 50 to 100 beats per minute
- Heart rhythm: consistent and even
What abnormal results mean
Abnormal ECG results may be a sign of
- Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
- Cardiac muscle defect
- Congenital heart defect
- Coronary artery disease
- Ectopic heartbeat
- Enlargement of the heart
- Faster-than-normal heart rate (tachycardia)
- Heart valve disease
- Inflammation of the heart (myocarditis)
- Changes in the amount of electrolytes (chemicals in the blood)
- Past heart attack
- Present or impending heart attack
- Slower-than-normal heart rate (bradycardia)
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed include the following:
- Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- Anorexia nervosa
- Aortic dissection
- Aortic insufficiency
- Aortic stenosis
- Atrial fibrillation/flutter
- Atrial myxoma
- Atrial septal defect
- Cardiac tamponade
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Complicated alcohol abstinence (delirium tremens)
- Coronary artery spasm
- Digitalis toxicity
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
- Familial periodic paralysis
- Guillain-Barre
- Heart failure
- Hyperkalemia
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Idiopathic cardiomyopathy
- Infective endocarditis
- Insomnia
- Ischemic cardiomyopathy
- Left-sided heart failure
- Lyme disease
- Mitral regurgitation; acute
- Mitral regurgitation; chronic
- Mitral stenosis
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Multifocal atrial tachycardia
- Narcolepsy
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Pericarditis
- Peripartum cardiomyopathy
- Primary amyloid
- Primary hyperaldosteronism
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Primary pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary embolus
- Pulmonary valve stenosis
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- Right-sided heart failure
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Stable angina
- Stroke
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- Transposition of the great vessels
- Tricuspid regurgitation
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Unstable angina
- Ventricular septal defect
- Ventricular tachycardia
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
What the risks are
There are no risks. No electricity is sent through the body, so there is no risk of shock.
Special considerations
The accuracy of the ECG depends on the condition being tested. Some heart conditions are not detectable all the time, and others may never produce any specific ECG changes.
A person who has had a heart attack or who may have heart disease may need more than one ECG. There is no reason for healthy people to have yearly routine testing unless they have a family or person history of specific heart diseases or other medical conditions.
References
Ganz L, Curtiss E. Electrocardiography. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 52.
Reviewed on May 2, 2009 by David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
See Also: Obstructive sleep apnea, Atrial septal defect, Mitral regurgitation - chronic, Transposition of the great vessels, Aortic stenosis, Aortic insufficiency, Heart palpitations, Exercise stress test, Guillain-Barre syndrome , Chest pain, Anorexia nervosa, Pericarditis - bacterial, Transient ischemic attack, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Heart disease, Mitral stenosis, Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, Mitral regurgitation - acute, Primary amyloidosis, Electrolytes, Type 2 diabetes, Stable angina, Ventricular septal defect, Pulmonary embolus, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Hypertensive heart disease, Delirium tremens, Cardiac tamponade, Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, Hyperkalemia, Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), Coronary artery spasm, Narcolepsy, Peripartum cardiomyopathy, Pericarditis - after heart attack, Ectopic heartbeat, Myocarditis, Heart attack, Digitalis toxicity, Primary hyperparathyroidism, Ischemic cardiomyopathy, Stroke, Tetralogy of Fallot, Right-sided heart failure, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Pulse - bounding, Mitral valve prolapse, Pulmonary hypertension, Coarctation of the aorta, Lyme disease - early disseminated , Infectious endocarditis, Unstable angina, Sick sinus syndrome, Arrhythmias, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Aortic dissection, Atrial fibrillation/flutter, Drug-induced lupus erythematosus, Heart failure, Sleeping difficulty, Restrictive cardiomyopathy, Patent ductus arteriosus, Hyperaldosteronism - primary and secondary, Hypoparathyroidism, Multifocal atrial tachycardia, Pericarditis - constrictive, Holter monitor (24h), Pericarditis, Tricuspid regurgitation, Left-sided heart failure, and Ventricular tachycardia
